There are four main methods of irrigation: surface, drip, sprinkler, subsurface.
Surface irrigation, also called flood irrigation, is the simplest to set up, but it can be least efficient. Water is applied directly to the soil while gravity takes care of the rest.
With drip irrigation, water is applied to plants using pipes and emitters usually near the surface of the soil. It is highly efficient, with minimal waste and evaporation, but requires a lot of pipes to install and maintain.
Sprinkler irrigation sprays water through the air from pipes and sprinkler heads, mimicking natural rain. It can be both fixed or portable. Its main advantage is it can cover a large area and be controlled via timers. However, like surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation is subject to potential inefficiencies through evaporation.
Subsurface irrigation, like its name implies, delivers water underground, directly tot he plant roots. It is the most efficient of the systems of irrigation we discussed, but it can come with a large price tag and maintenance challenges.